Why It Was Almost Impossible to Make the Blue LED

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Published 2024-02-08
The blue LED was supposed to be impossible—until a young engineer proposed a moonshot idea. Head to brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

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Huge thanks to the UC Santa Barbara Materials Dept (ssleec.ucsb.edu/) for taking us around.
Thanks to Álvaro Bermejillo Seco for reviewing the science.
Thanks to these especially helpful sources:
Nobel Prize Biography - Shuji Nakamura - ve42.co/NakamuraNobel
Johnstone, B. (2015). Brilliant!. Prometheus Books. - ve42.co/Johnstone2015
Nakamura, S., Pearton, S., & Fasol, G. (2010). The Blue Laser Diode: The Complete Story. Springer. - ve42.co/Nakamura2010

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References:
   • How LED Works - Unravel the Mysteries...  
   • How diodes, LEDs and solar panels work  
   • How Blue LEDs Changed the World  
   • How Blue LEDs Were Invented - LGR Tec...  
Touchstone, L. A. (2022). Nick Holonyak Jr. University of Illinois. - ve42.co/Touchstone2022
Perry, T. S. (1995). The Unsung Inventor. IEEE Spectrum. - ve42.co/Perry1995
Chabay, R. & Sherwood, B. (2011). Matter & interactions (4th ed.), S2: Semiconductors. Wiley. - ve42.co/ChabaySherwood
How MOCVD Works via Aixtron - ve42.co/MOCVD
Vangala, S. R., et al. (2019). Epitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs. Journal of Crystal Growth. - ve42.co/Vangala2019
Nakamura, S. (1991). GaN Growth Using GaN Buffer Layer. JJAP. - ve42.co/Nakamura3rd1991
Amano, H., et al. (1989). P-Type Conduction in Mg-Doped GaN w/ LEEBI. JJAP. - ve42.co/Amano1989
Huang, M., et al. (2021). Defects in Mg–H‐Codoped GaN. Physica Status Solidi. - ve42.co/Huang2021
Schubert, E. F. (2006). Light Emitting Diodes, Ch 4: LED basics. Cambridge University Press. - ve42.co/RPI-LEDs
Kitada, C. (2001). Blue About Japan. Japan Inc. - ve42.co/Kitada2001
Whitaker, T. (2002). Nakamura loses Nichia patent battle. Optics.org. - ve42.co/NichiaSales3
Pirates Osaka. (2014). Nakamura awarded Nobel Prize in Physics. Hatena Blog. - ve42.co/NichiaSales1
Growth Bozu via Twitter. - ve42.co/NichiaSales2
Rose, J. (2014). Blue LEDs – Filling the world with new light. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. - ve42.co/Rose2014
Pattison, P. M., et al. (2017). LED lighting efficacy. Comptes Rendus Physique. - ve42.co/Pattison2017
Electricity pricing via EIA - ve42.co/ElectricityPricing
Lane, K., et al. (2023). Lighting. IEA. - ve42.co/LightingIEA
LED Footprint via The Climate Group - ve42.co/ClimateGroupLED
Nichia’s History via Nichia - ve42.co/NichiaHistory
Shuji Nakamura via Wikipedia - ve42.co/NakamuraWiki

Images & Video:
Lighting the World via UCTVInsight on YouTube - ve42.co/UCTVep2 & ve42.co/UCTVep3
Palo Alto Times 1971 Article via Newspapers.com - ve42.co/Newspapers
Nick Holonyak, Jr. and the LED via UIUC on YouTube - ve42.co/HolonyakIllinois
The Original Blue LED via Science History Institute on YouTube - ve42.co/OGBlueLED
Maxfield, M. (2022). Compound Semiconductors. EE Journal. - ve42.co/Maxfield2022
M. Stutzmann, et al. (2001). Playing with Polarity. pss (b). - ve42.co/Stutzman2001
Isamu Akasaki in 1995 via Andrey Nikolaev on YouTube - ve42.co/AsakiNikolaev
Pioneer TX-610 Stereo Tuner via Ian Marino on YouTube - ve42.co/StereoMarino
Shuji Nakamura via EPO on YouTube - ve42.co/NakamuraEPO
Nichia Campus via Nichia on LinkedIn - ve42.co/NichiaHQ
Nichia via TDElektronik on YouTube - ve42.co/NichiaTDE
Violeds Sterilization of COVID-19 via Seoul Viosys - ve42.co/SterilizationUV

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Directed by Emily Zhang
Written by Emily Zhang, Ricky Nathvani, and Derek Muller
Edited by Trenton Oliver
Illustrated by Jakub Misiek
Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Mike Radjabov, David Szakaly, Ivy Tello, and Alondra Vitae
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Trenton Oliver
Additional research by Gregor Čavlović
Produced by Emily Zhang, Han Evans, Gregor Čavlović, and Derek Muller

Thumbnail by Ren Hurley
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5
Music from Epidemic Sound

All Comments (21)
  • @spookyghost9653
    It’s so dumb how it’s never just “this guy changed the world and got compensated fairly for it” there’s always some corporate bs in the way
  • I came here to learn why blue was so difficult to make… I didn’t know this was the story of a man who discovered a landmark piece of technology. Just the thought of him staring at a small blue light, completely understanding it was his life’s work and his masterpiece. True happiness in a blue glow.
  • @theturkeychild
    The man really said "I'm interested in physics" like that's not the understatement of the century
  • @wayyllonn
    It must be insane being him and being able to look at so many things and go "that is directly the result of MY work and research", that's so awesome.
  • @ElectroBOOM
    What a success story! I wish he was successful in compensation side in Japan, but I guess they lost him because of that. Happy to see him thrive now.
  • @CuriousMarc
    In the mid 1990s, I was working in a research lab where we were in competition with Nichia in the development of GaN blue LED and lasers, also using our home-grown MOCVD machines. Dr. Nakamura was always 2 (or more!) steps ahead of us. I still vividly remember when we got our hands on a prototype of his deep blue LEDs after a conference. We turned it on in the lab, with lights down, expecting a weak blue emission, as we got from our own devices. It came on so bright and so blue, it illuminated the whole room! It blew our mind, we couldn’t believe it. How had he done that? He was the blue LED magician. Nobel price well deserved, and then some.
  • @kylehill4437
    Breaks my heart to see pioneers of science and technology getting screwed over by greedy corporations. Mr. Nakamura seems like a truly nice and genuine human being. Congratulations Mr. Nakamura
  • @Sans-ih2el
    Look at him speaking, walking, always smiling. He's so happy to talk about his accomplishment. That's a fulfilled man right there. That's what excruciating work gets you.
  • @RavixSomni
    So he was underfunded, underappreciated and undersold, yet he almost single-handedly created one of the most important technologies in the modern world, a true legend. And I got to learn his story from an interesting, high quality source. Thanks again Derek
  • @eureur
    Don’t ever go back making “television”. This is so much better. A great story from beginning to end with a spectacular entry of the main character. No spoilers, no previews. YouTube at its best. TV will never reach this level of storytelling. Hats off to your illustrator too.
  • @fieryr
    Gallium Nitride is like that one kid no one cares about in school but ends up being the one with the most successful career that everyone will be clinging on for financial support
  • @egg1645
    Robotics engineering student here, if I ever met this man I think I would faint before I got the chance to thank him for his innovation. I don't think he'll ever stop being famous in like every STEM field, what an absolute legend
  • @Pluvia198
    Mr. Nakamura is a hidden giant everyone should know more about. Incredible tenacity and great video.
  • @randomshxt2099
    Bro really went from "Ignored for not having a PhD" to "Nobel Prize winner"
  • @thebearded4427
    Imagine having a the balls to listen to lecture, tell the man working in your lab that he doesnt know what he's doing despite everyone doing what you recommend is failing, then when he actually succeed in his world changing, billion dollar creation you not only don't reward him but you also spite him by giving him the lowest bonus in history. Then when he leaves because you quite literally spat in his face you try to sue him AND you also make sure he doesn't get his just rewards despite the law actually thinks he deserves them. THEN when the man gets a god damn nobel prize and says HE wants to make amends you turn him down???? Quite honestly I'm going to start looking if the bulbs i buy are made by Nishia and avoid them like the plague. I don't think I've heard of a more severe case of corporate hubris
  • The First photo of him holding the LED goes so hard knowing the great lengths that have been gone through to even attempted this
  • @jemilambi
    Disobedience in Japan is extreme rare. This guy is TWO true heroes.
  • @DougSalad
    I'm so glad this story didn't end with "and then he died penniless and alone" because it feels like so many of these stories often do. Warms my heart to see him alive and recognized for his genius and thriving still!
  • @IIIDrDoctorIII
    I had just started work as a graphic designer at a sign company in 2007 when I had learned that not all LED colors cost the same or perform the same, and that blue had been very difficult or impossible for a long time. Now I will finally satisfy my curiosity on the subject (hopefully)
  • I did electronic engineering in the late 1990s, when the "blue LED" is finally here craze was just hitting. I literally studied this stuff, as it was happening and even still, this video honestly does a better job of explaining it. As an aside, I also remember the absolute marketing-hype at the time, around gallium being the future and how silicon was "going to be replaced" in a few years by this wonder-stuff (which obviously never panned out).