Why Monkeys Can Only Count To Four

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Published 2024-06-26
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There’s an island in the Caribbean where David used to perform magic tricks for monkeys. And it was super cool because it suggested that they have the ability to count! (but only up to four)

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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Approximate number system: A cognitive system that supports the estimation of the magnitude of a group without relying on language or symbols.
- Violation of expectancy looking time measure: A technique used to determine if subjects were surprised by an outcome of an experiment based on the idea that surprising outcomes resulted in longer looking times.
- Cross-species comparison: Comparisons across species that differ in cognitive character.

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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Lizah van der Aart & Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Storyboard Artists
Sarah Berman | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music

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REFERENCES
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Nieder, A. (2019). A Brain for Numbers: The Biology of the Number Instinct. The MIT Press.

Hauser, M. D., & Carey, S. (2003). Spontaneous representations of small numbers of objects by rhesus macaques: examinations of content and format. Cognitive psychology, 47(4), 367–401. doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0285(03)00050-1

Abramson, J. Z., Hernández-Lloreda, V., Call, J., & Colmenares, F. (2011). Relative quantity judgments in South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens). Animal cognition, 14(5), 695–706. doi.org/10.1007/s10071-011-0404-7

Rodríguez, R.L., Briceño, R.D., Briceño-Aguilar, E. et al. Nephila clavipes spiders (Araneae: Nephilidae) keep track of captured prey counts: testing for a sense of numerosity in an orb-weaver. Anim Cogn 18, 307–314 (2015). doi.org/10.1007/s10071-014-0801-9

Santos, L. R., Sulkowski, G. M., Spaepen, G. M., & Hauser, M. D. (2002). Object individuation using property/kind information in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Cognition, 83(3), 241–264. doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00006-9

All Comments (21)
  • @crelos3549
    The humans audibly gasped as the 300000 apples turned into 300001 apples
  • @syelallouch
    I keep telling them, "Count on your fingers", but then they start arguing with me about whether or not the thumb is a finger. It's a whole thing.
  • @arcdecibel9986
    I did a similar experiment with horses, which apparently cannot count at all despite the "hoof counting" trick. If you have an entire Gator full of oats, separated into feed bags or buckets, and the horse KNOWS all those oats are there, merely setting a container on the ground, or bringing it closer to the horse, or just setting it down slightly closer, results in the horse going after the container instead of the jackpot. It's like they have no idea whether amounts are greater or smaller, just whichever food is closer. Similarly, but with a single notable difference, if you get two horses, the dominant one will always want whatever the other is eating, even if it' a significantly lesser amount. That one "dominant" horse will waste more time chasing off the "rival" and travelling between food supplies than actually eating for about ten minutes. Then they get hungry enough that they just eat whatever is in front of them at the time. They do this because they are grazing animals, so relative size doesn't normally matter to them. Food is everywhere, and any other animal is a threat. A horse can be terrified by a small child, or a rabbit, because the horse is too flighty to know that those things couldn't possibly hurt them. They have no sense of their own size, except when it comes to other horses, and even then, it's dicey. A small horse can run off a big one if it is aggressive enough. I didn't continue my experiments much further because I wasn't really conducting a proper experiment and I love horses too much to bother. But I still affectionately call them "stupids". Yes, they are intelligent enough to be trained very well, and they aren't completely clueless. I had a horse that figured out how to open doorknobs. But that same horse couldn't figure out that not EVERY part of the fence was a potential gate. He'd just stand at the fence, waiting for me to open it, when the gate was open twenty feet away. Beautiful creatures, kinda smart, and still dumb as a bag of hammers when compared to a human.
  • @daanwilmer
    This desperately needs the song "I can only count to four" as background music
  • @Marconius6
    Okay, but what if you placed 6 small apples on the table, and then revealed 4 big ones?
  • @Billy426.
    “If valve was owned by monkeys, we could get tf3”
  • @Boxcat
    "It takes 400000 apples to impress this human, for 12 seconds."
  • Took me 2 minutes to realize that any difference below 4 is also 25% or more.
  • @d.esanchez3351
    That's no stuff animal. That's famous news host Tulio Triviño, from the super serious chilean news channel 31minutes, no wonder they were surprised that there weren't three, but in fact, two famous news host Tulio Triviño in the box.
  • “I CAN ONLY COUT TO 4 I CAN ONLY COUT TO 4 I CAN ONLY COUT TO FOOOOUUUURRRRRRR”
  • I wonder if Richard Adams knew this when he wrote Watership Down. It's built into the rabbit language that they can only count to four. There's no explanation given, but the popular theory is that the rabbits were counting on their paws, and they only have four paws.
  • @maesmattias
    From my marketing lessons I remember that also the human brain begins to have difficulties when the choice between products gets higher than 4. It also confuses us.
  • @B1-6911
    "Imagine whats going on inside their head" Monke: I CAN ONLY COUNT TO FOUR! I CAN ONLY COUNT TO FOUR! I CAN ONLY COUNT TO FOUR! I CAN ONLY COUNT TO FOOOOOOOUUUURRRR!!!
  • @JohnSmith-op7ls
    Is it that they don’t notice or don’t care? Very different things.
  • @nebulan
    Is this similar to Be Smart's recent video about why all numbering systems created by humans usually use tick marks until 4 or 5?
  • @bhbr-xb6po
    How much were the adults prepared to count? Because if they went into the experiment unprimed, I can imagine lots of them not bothering to count and just eyeballing it just like the other animals.
  • @M0rquer
    3:29 hey, thoose toys look alike Tulio Triviño (from 31 minutos a chilean puppet cartoon)